Microwave Oven Effects On Wireless Lans Essays - Wireless Networking

Microwave Oven Effects On Wireless Lans Microwave Oven Interference on Wireless LANs Operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band Abstract - Commercial microwave ovens as applied in restaurants have two magnetron tubes and compared to domestic kitchen counterparts they spread the higher RF power and radiated heating energy more evenly. The domestic kitchen or residential microwave ovens have only one magnetron tube. The interference from the commercial type of microwave ovens is more difficult to characterise than the interference from the residential ones. The commercial type of microwave ovens radiate a CW-like interference that sweeps over tens of MHz during the two bursts per mains power cycle. The residential ones give a CW-like interference that has a more or less stable frequency near 2.45 GHz occurring once per mains power cycle. The impact of the interference from the commercial type of microwave ovens on wireless LANs conforming the IEEE 802.11 standard for both DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) and FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) has been evaluated. I. INTRODUCTION The release of the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band (2400 -2483.5 MHz) for ISM (industrial, scientific, medical applications) prompted a significant interest in the design of wireless LAN products. Interference from extraneous sources (unintentional radiators) impacts the reliability of communication in this 2.4 GHz ISM band. Sources of such interference are the millions of residential microwave ovens radiating at frequencies close to 2.45 GHz, and they have been described largely in the literature. Commercial microwave ovens, based on two magnetron tubes as used in restaurants, have been hardly described in the literature. Since commercial ovens are expected more often in the vicinity of office buildings with a high population density of office equipment and PCs, this type has been evaluated with respect to the nature of the interference signal and the impact on wireless LANs operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. At first, published material on residential microwave ovens, the reports from the NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration, in the US) - [1] and [2] - are discussed. Next, the commercial microwave ovens and the nature of their interference is considered. The characterization of the interference from such ovens requires a dedicated measurement set up. Then the robustness of wireless LANs based on DSSS and FHSS conformant to IEEE 802.11 against CW interference is discussed. At last, the interference from the commercial microwave ovens on wireless LANs based on DSSS and FHSS is measured with a dedicated set up and the impact of the interference nature is considered. II. NTIA REPORTS The NTIA makes [1] and [2] some pessimistic conclusions about the possibility of sustaining highly-reliable communication links in this band. The ubiquitousness of these ovens and the wideband interference picture that emerges from peak-power measurements using, for example, conventional spectrum analysers in max-hold mode and multiple sweeps, has led to these pessimistic conclusions. The NTIA describes measurement results for residential microwave ovens with a maximum EIRP for these radiators that lies lay between +16 and +33 dBm. Some shortcomings in the NTIA measurement methods are presented in [3]. The NTIA reports give results of frequency- and time-domain measurements. Spectrum analysers in max-hold mode were used to measure in the frequency domain, which resulted in traces that capture the peak emission, at each frequency sampling point, occurring during the time interval of observation. Spectrum analysers in zero-span trace mode were used to find how the signal power around the selected frequency varies over time. [3] mentions that the NTIA peak spectrum measurements and frequency-domain characterisation with time-domain plots show a pulsed III. RESIDENTIAL MICROWAVE OVENS Microwave ovens have become more popular over the last fifteen years and can be found in over two hundred million home kitchens. The heating source of these residential microwave ovens is based on a single magnetron tube mostly positioned in an upper corner. Without further provisions, such an oven would produce an uneven heating effect, because of static stable standing wave patterns inside the cavity of the oven. Therefore, the usage of a rotating disk results in such a heating process at which the different sides of the rotated food or drink are ?illuminated? more evenly. The power consumption is mostly in the 600 - 800 Watt range. 2445 MHz 2452 MHz 2459 MHz 2466 MHz # RES BW 10 kHz # VBW 10 kHz # SWP 15.0 sec Peak 10 dB/div 2.41 GHz 2.48 GHz Frequency Fig. 1. Max-hold spectrum for residential microwave oven. # RES BW 3.0 MHz #VBW 1 MHz # SWP 30.0 msec Peak 10 dB/div fcentre 2.456 MHz Time 0 30 msec Fig. 2. Zero-span spectrum for residential microwave oven. NTIA measurement approach. With a high speed digital oscilloscope it can be shown, that during the active period the emitted signal is a CW with a frequency that moves over a few MHz. The beginning of the burst looks like a pulsed CW

Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essays

Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essays Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essay Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essay There can be no knowledge without emotion until we have felt the force of the knowledge, it is not ours. (adapted from Arnold Bennett). Discuss this vision of the relationship between knowledge and emotion.  The role of emotion has, for a long time, been downplayed in majority of our societies; people try to distinguish and thus diminish its significance by attempting to separate it distinctively from other aspects like reasoning. This is possibly due to the fact that peoples emotions do tend to fog our perception and perspective of things at that very moment it is experienced. We know better than to expect an outraged, angry man to reason very well and take right decisions at the heat of the moment. We are more than often advised to be reasonable and to control our emotions rather than be emotional. Being emotional is even taken in a negative way as an insult most of the times. More than often, all our emotions do is unnecssarily obstruct our attempt to make reasonable decisions when in a complicated situation, or prevent us from thinking clearly when making a choice. However, despite our underestimation of emotions, it may strike us as unusual and inconsistent to know that emotion, along with language, reason and perception is regarded as one of the four principle ways of knowing. It is close to impossible for us to deny the fact that our feelings and/or our emotions mean a great deal to us and our daily lives. It is something that we were born with and live with everyday, a significantly integral part of ourselves that we cant possibly ignore. And that is why we feel so naturally inclined to consult our emotions whenever there is a problem or a decision to be made, despite all the dubious concerns we have about it. Regarding the statement by Bennett which says, There can be no knowledge without emotion until we have felt the force of the knowledge, it is not ours, it seemingly suggests that emotion plays a crucial part in the acquiring and the absolute sense of knowledge. But it can be pointed out that the first part of the statement is quite blatantly incorrect. We know all four angles of a square are ninety degrees, which becomes knowledge, and it does not involve or require our emotions at all to know it. But it can be said that in certain cases, such as the justification of something in order for it to be called knowledge, our emotions do guide and influence us in perceiving how we perceive what we hear or see. Nevertheless, it is important for us to control our emotions as well, for we know that if we let our emotions get the better of us and let it roam free, it can delude us, diminishing our power to reason and thus transform the knowledge we obtain. Our emotion is always there, it is difficult to imagine our life devoid any emotions. We describe some people as being cold and lacking emotions, but there is no such thing as a person having no emotions at all. It may be that they prefer not to expose them, have fewer of them or even that they are in complete control of them. But as recent psychological studies have suggested, if a person did not have any emotions, then his/her life would eventually be ruined. Antonio Damasio, a psychologist and the author of Descartes Error, did a case study on a patient whose emotional centers in his brain had been damaged due to an accident. It was later concluded that although the patient mostly appeared normal and remembered things he had learnt prior to the accident, he had lost the ability to make decisions since he had emotions to guide him to do it. Thus he made his decisions on the basis of reason alone and suffered from mental breakdowns. This study tells us how one patients emotions largely determine his ability to make able decisions, and thus the same could apply to more of us as well. It could mean that this sort of impulse comes to us so naturally that we completely take it for granted until something happens and we lose, like Damasios patient. According to Arnold Bennetts statement, he suggests that our emotions control reason, our obtaining of knowledge, or that it fuels reason. It is true that emotions serve as an incentive to pursuit knowledge in an individual. It acts as some sort of drive for us to acquire certain knowledge, so that we long to know and find truth. With passion, knowledge becomes more achievable and desirable. Take for instance, Sir Thomas Edison; his invention has literally brought light to our world, but he failed countless number of times while carrying on his experiment. Yet, he never succumbed to failure and that eventually paid off and the world saw the greatest breakthrough of the century. But what could have been the reason behind Edisons strong determination, his unfaltering resolution on producing what he set out to produce? It couldnt possibly have been the laborious work which he had to develop time and again over a hundred times. No, it was the passion he had behind what he was doing, the emotional drive that motivated him to set out on this never-ending search for knowledge. As he quoted, Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety nine percent perspiration, the one percent of emotional energy, the passion and will preserved his dedication to his work. It provided the patience and perseverance for him to steadfastly hold on to his determination. The one percent inspiration, however minute that may seem instilled in him the passion and patience to labor hard; ninety nine percent perspiration. So this suggests a parallelism with Bennetts statement. However, Bennett has said, until we have felt the force of knowledge, it is not ours. By ours, could he mean that knowledge can be owned? Can one possess knowledge as ones own? And would it suggest that knowledge without the emotional force felt is not knowledge? Bennetts statement could be argued as being flawed in itself since it suggests that all our knowledge has some sort of an emotive origin, that it is subjective. And subjectivism, as we all know, cannot be justifiable when it comes to acquiring knowledge. However, in the matter of ethics and morals, Bennetts assertion could be held true, for do we really know of any ethical issues that do not involve the human emotion? Most, if not all, ethical situations have an emotive base and thus, give rise to controversial issues such as biasness, etc. We can even take an example in one of the areas of knowledge, for instance, history; history is knowledge that is supposed to be absolutely factual, that is supposed to provide us with the correct information of the past that we can all collectively agree on. However, we humans have always found it hard to detach our emotions with the events of the past. Our emotions and our nature of favoritism influences our decision to believe what event in a history is true, and what is not and should thus be omitted. If we take for example the issue of the Tibetan independence to be more specific, it is believed a lot of events in the history of Tibet have been altered in order to find parallelism with what the Chinese assert is true. However, it should be considered that what a Tibetan believes to have happened in the past greatly differs from what a Chinese would most probably believe because of the emotional attachment the former, as refugees stripped from their country, have with this particular issue. I, myself, being a Tibetan can name several events and happenings that greatly involve my feelings of loyalty to my country and disrespect for the one that took it away. And thus, as is very evident, emotions give rise to biasness and favoritism which intrude in our obtaining of knowledge. But again, if we talk about the Mathematics, we know solving equations involve no such emotions, unless one is working on a monumental theory or maybe simply finding a problem difficult to solve. Ultimately, in studying emotions, even though we tend to and are encouraged to think of it and reason as two separate aspects, in reality we will find that they are so closely related to one another that it is almost impossible to differentiate them as two distinct things. Hence, most believe that reason and emotion work together as one, although at times one may take over more control. Emotion adds and strengthens ones attainment of knowledge, and has an indestructible relationship with it. And despite the many controversial arguments brought up, like the Stoics idea of attaining self-control and pure knowledge by freeing ones self from all destructive emotions, we know our ability to reason would most likely be obsolete. Thus, however much we are discouraged to involve our emotions in our decisions and act of reasoning, the undeniable fact is that it an innate, integral part of ourselves and therefore, will always either be there to help or to intrude.

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example The diversity management programs are aimed at creating a welcoming organizational environment. Without the diversity management programs in workplaces there would be trouble within the organization in terms of employee relations and general performance of the company. This is because the policies in place do not accommodate people of diverse cultures. For example, an employee may have different sexual orientation from the one that is permitted within the policies of the organization. The employee in question may be good and productive, but since the organization cannot accommodate the culture, the employee is forced to lose the job. Cox (2001) notes, â€Å"The challenge of diversity is not simply to have it but to create conditions in which its potential to be a performance barrier is minimized and its potential to enhance performance is maximized. (P.10). The main reasons that make companies adapt to the cultural diversity of their personnel are to give individuals equal opportuni ties, compensatory justice, equality in the workplace, increase talent pools , competitive advantage, and to make good business sense. Solutions to questions Give individuals equal opportunities Adapting to the cultural diversity of personnel is aimed at giving equal opportunities to individuals. ... This can lead to a loss-loss situation in that, the individual will lose the job and the company may miss the opportunity to recruit a competent employee. Compensatory justice The companies encourage diversity in workplaces†to overcome historical discrimination against specific groups of people to compensate those who have been intentionally and unjust fully wronged (kellough, 2006; Valasquez, 2005).These specific groups of people may have been discriminated due to their race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. Compensatory justice is another way of improving the corporate image and enhancing equality within the organization. This is most people like to be employed by the companies that have improved both their formal and informal structures to accommodate them. This is because everyone wishes to work in an environment in which they feel safe and adequately represented. Promotion of equality in workplace Having policies and structures that support diverse cultures is an effectiv e way of promoting equality in a workplace. This creates the picture within the organization that no culture is given preference over the other. All cultures are treated equally. The equity has not been achieved in most organizations. This is because most companies tend to exclude the majority group and give special attention to the minority group. This still does not achieve equality as the majority group becomes the discriminated group. Cultural diversity management not only refers to the groups that have been looked down upon, but to the â€Å"mixture of differences, similarities and tensions that can exist among the elements of a pluralistic mixture† (Thomas, 2005, P.93). Increased talent

Organizational Verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Verbal Communication - Essay Example One disadvantage of internal verbal communication is that information passed may be incomplete, thus rendering it unreliable (Sathya & Bhagaban, 2009). Incompleteness of information may result from failure of the communicator to include important issues in the message, or may result from lack of good communication skills. One main advantage of internal verbal communication is that it is fast, and individual members or groups working within an organization can be reached easily with messages (Sathya & Bhagaban, 2009). Managers can employ this method of communication to communicate to a large group within a very short time, thus ending up saving a lot of time and other resources that could have been utilized if other forms of communication, such as written communication method, could have been used. Face-to-face communication is instantaneous. It is always used in situations such as meetings or in interviews where quick response and clarification is needed immediately, thus making it t he most effective form of communication in such situations (Sathya & Bhagaban, 2009). Moreover, little time is also spent in passing information, and individuals can respond to each other or seek clarifications instantly. One main disadvantage of this form of communication is that it mostly relies on memory (Sathya & Bhagaban, 2009). When important information is required from somebody, maybe at the time he/she were not prepared to respond, they might give wrong information due to inability to remember some information. As such, the information shared in this manner end up being inaccurate and therefore unreliable. Telephone and voicemail are forms of communication that makes it possible to pass and receive quick information that does not need to be written down. Telephone is very quick in case one wants to make inquiries, or when one wants to pass urgent information.

Political Parties in the New Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Parties in the New Era - Essay Example Many studies have shown that the Political Parties of today have changed significantly in the past few decades, both in industrialized countries and in the developing nations (third world countries). The changes have inadvertently resulted in the weakening of connections between citizens and the state, however, there remains widespread consensus that political parties are essential elements in democratic societies. A statement made 50 years ago by E.E. Schattschneider was that, "Political parties created democracy and that modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties. As a matter of fact, the condition of parties is the best evidence of the nature of any regime. The most important distinction between democracy and dictatorship can be made in terms of party politics. The parties are not therefore Recently, Alan Ware viewed political parties as pervasive elements in contemporary societies saying that, "In contemporary states it is difficult to imagine there being politics without political parties. Indeed, in only two kinds of states today are parties absent. First, there are a few small, traditional societies, especially in the Persian Gulf, that are still ruled by the families who were dominant in the region they control long before the outside world recognized them as independent states. Then there are those regimes in which parties and party activities have been banned; these regimes are run either by the military or by authoritarian rulers who have the support of the military."2 In consonance thereto, here are some prevailing views made by some of the participants in a conference convened by the National Endowment for Democracy's International Forum for Democratic Studies where in attendance were many of the world's leading political parties scholars and practitioners held in Washington DC to "Address the Current and Future Prospects of Political Parties." One of the prevailing views made as articulated by Juan Linz stating that," Today, in all countries of the world, there is no alternative to political parties in the establishment of democracy. No form of nonparty representation that has been advocated has ever produced a democratic government. Thus we are faced with a world of democracies based on parties." However, there were conflicting views made in the same forum to the effect that political parties are necessary for democratic development. Phillipe Schmitter on his part provided the most critical statement saying that, " Political parties are not what they used to be. They no longer structure electoral choices as clearly and decisively, command citizen attachments as passionately, form distinctiveness, or aggregate interests as widely and explicitly as they once did. Clearly, political parties everywhere, both in the industrialized countries and in the developing world, are becoming less and less able to Serapio 3 perform these core functions. In short, they are no longer indispensable for the consolidation and perpetuation of democracy." In view of the foregoing facts let us now analyze

Structure of English Law

Structure of English Law Philip Blincow This paper covers the basis of law which takes president in the UK. Case law, Statute Law and European Law, along with other areas that form the structure of Common Law. Relevant cases will be used to back statements. Case Law and Statute law are two pillars of what makes English Law; formed to regulate actions of citizens to govern behaviour and impose penalties on those who brake it. Case Law is based on the doctrine of Judicial Precedent which in turn refers to Stare decisis meaning standing by of previous decisions. This mean that once a law has been passed by a Judge in a previous case, it binds all lower courts holding future cases based on the same material facts. In order for Judicial Precedent to work, points of law need to be determined. When a judge makes a ruling, the reasons for reaching such decisions derives from the ratio decidendi (the reason for deciding). An example of this would be the case of Donoghue V Stevenson [1932] duty of care came down to the manufacture owing Mrs Donoghue on the grounds of negligence. This set the precedent for the following case Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936]. However, it is important to separate Ratio decidendi from Obiter dicta (by the way). Obiter dicta does not refer to the decision from a previous ruling. It looks at the areas of the case that rely on interpretation from the judge which is not necessary for the decision. It does not form part of the ratio decidendi. In the case of R v Howe Bannister [1987] the obiter dicta of the case is: somebody who attempts murder should not be able to plea a defence of duress. Statute Law (also known as Acts of Parliament or Legislation) is laws made by Parliament, which is split into two Chambers: The House of Lords and the House of Commons. After a bill is approved by the two Chambers, it will receive formal approval from the Monarchy referred to as Royal Assent. This turns a bill into law known as an Act of Parliament. Statute law referrers to written law and gives a rigid and formal interpretation of the law. Case law comes from Judicial Precedent. Statutory interpretation falls to the court to apply it in certain cases. The statue will not cover all ambiguities / eventualities in each case. Therefore, rules have been created to avoid an unfair ruling. Firstly, the Literal rule: when the meaning of the words written in the statute are applied such as in the case of Fisher V Bell [1961]. A flick knife was displayed with a price tag therefore presented an invitation to treat and not presented as an offer. Secondly, the Golden rule: when the action of the literal rule would lead to an unacceptable result. In the case Re Sigsworth [1935], the son who murdered his mother to inherit the estate was denied. Finally, the Mischief rule: when an ambiguity in the statute occurs. Such as in Corkery v Carpenter [1951], as the defendant was in charge whilst drunk of his bike, he presented a danger to others on the road. Another source of English Law is Equity. It is an important aspect of the law as it is about fairness and justice. Common law can be quite harsh at times and can result in someone losing a case through no fault of their own. Equity provides a judge the ability to deviate from the strict written law in order not to disadvantage someone. One example is Bull v Bull [1955]. Due to the mothers contribution to the house, she could not be evicted. Together these areas of law are designed to keep people safe and to preserve order. If an issue arises that cannot be decided on precedent, statutory law decides the case. Contract law, tort law and property law exist mostly with case law, however, there are some written statutes that are relevant to these areas. Parliamentary Sovereignty is the supreme legal authority in the UK that can create or end any law. Courts cannot overrule legislation made by parliament although no parliament can bind a future parliament. In 1972, the UK handed over sovereignty to the EU meaning Europe overrule and takes precedence over Acts of Parliament. Any are outside of where the EU operates, Parliament retains its supremacy. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union and 2 institutions of the European Union that create new laws and codes. The reason European law was created was to encourage economic growth, increase movement of people, goods and services between member states and allowing a common market to exist. The European Communities Act 1972 came into effect when the UK joined the EU January 1st 1973. Section 2(1) of the Act dictates European Law will take precedence over domestic law. Section 2(4) provides that when a judgment of a statute is interpreted, it is in accordance and consistent with EU law. Section 3(1) provides interpretation of legislation and treaties to be treated as a question of law. Courts must accept judiciary supremacy comes from EU law. This is evident in the case between Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964]. The claimant lost the case because the ECC (European Civil Code) Treaty created its own legal system which became integral to the legal system of each member state. In this case the Italian legal system taking precedence over national law. Word Count 866 Task 2 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) gives parties involved in commercial disputes and attractive alternative than going to trial. The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPRs) actively encourage its use. Here we can see how these rules effect the Pre-Trial Conduct and what the likely position regarding costs to the Montague Builders Ltd will be. There are 2 types of ADR process, Adjudication and Consensual. Adjudication consists of a third party to consider a dispute and provides a judgment (normally a judge, arbitrator or adjudicator). The decision made is enforceable on both parties. The consensual process is alternative method of dispute resolution. Here a third party is assigned to facilitate a solution. The disputing parties are to make the final decision, not the third-party member. The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 derives from Lord Woolf being commissioned in 1994 to writing a report Access to Justice released 1996. Reasons being it is too expensive, too slow, lacking equality and uncertainty over the amount of time and cost when reaching a settlement. The report recommended procedural change designed for a less confrontational and faster settlement. Simpler terminology was brought in to make courts more user friendly. These reforms are known as the Woolf Reforms. Practice Directions are placed within the Rules as guide lines to how: parties should operate, documentation required to be filed to the court and what would happen if not carried out properly. (Jones, 2011) The Civil Procedure Rules have an effect on the Pre-Trial Conduct. This could come down to costs assigned by a court if a party has not complied or ignored order made during an adjudication. Practice Direction 44 General Rules About Costs, (Justice.gov.uk, 2016) section 44.2 has a breakdown of costs a court would commonly make. Therefore, regardless of the result of the trial, that party will most likely incur the costs of both parties. Rules such as this are in place to get parties to attempt settling disputes rather than brining a claim to trial. European Convention of Human Rights Article 6(1) Right to Fair Trial (Legislation.gov.uk, 2016) This means if pressured to use an ADR method, this would infringe their right to a fair trial. A party can however wave their right by contractually agreeing to resolve a dispute through the ADR Adjudication process such as in the case of Deweer V Belgium [1980]. Mediation is an effective way of setting a dispute as it assigns a third party, (who will be mutually appointed) to acts as a go-between facilitating discussions for the parties to come up with a solution. The solution however in not binding and cannot be enforced by the courts. At the end of the mediation, the parties will enter into a contract to carry out the solution achieved. The contact is binding and must be carried out. Many benefits come with mediation. Examples such as it enables the parties to control the settlement, produce creative ideas, keep the process informal, allows for collaboration between the parties. Relationships can be restored but one benefit in particular is that the case stays confidential. It prevents Washing dirty linen in public, meaning the details of the case becoming public record. Benefits of attempting Pre-Action Protocol is that chance of a settlement satisfying both parties becomes more likely as a third party whilst being in a neutral position, will actively seek the best result for both sides. If a settlement cannot be agreed and a trial is set, one or both sides will have to show all has been done in an attempt to settle. Mediation is not compulsory as it is a consensual process of dispute resolution. If one party refuses to attempt finding a solution through ADR and insists on a trial, that party is acting unreasonably. Taking into account how mediation has been offered to the client by Montague Builders Ltd and the refusal by the client without offering an alternative to mediation, lends itself to a likely conclusion that Montague Builders Ltd acted in a just and reasonable manner and the client showed themselves to be unreasonable. Should the client continue to refuse any attempts to settle through mediation, an appeal for the costs for the trial to be paid by the client regardless of the outcome would be justified. Such as in the case between Dunnett v Railtrack [2002]. Word Count 693 Total Word Count 1,559 References: Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 Corkery v Carpenter [1951] 1 KB 102 Deweer v Belgium 1980 2 ehrr 439 Donoghue V Stevenson [1932]AC 562 (HL). Dunnett v Railtrack [2002] EWCA Civ 302 Fisher v Bell [19610 1 QB 394: [1960] 3 WLR 919.DC Grant v Australian Knitting Mill [1936] AC 85 (PC) Human Rights Act 1998. 2016 Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/schedule/1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. PRACTICE DIRECTION 44 GENERAL RULES ABOUT COSTS. 2016. Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-44-general-rules-about-costs/part-44-general-rules-about-costs2#rule4.1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Jones, L. (2011). Introduction to business law. Oxford: Oxford University Press R v Howe Bannister [1987] 2 WLR 568 (HL) Re Sigsworth [1935] 1 Ch 98 Bibliography: Hg.org. (2016). Case Law Common Law. [online] Available at: https://www.hg.org/case-law.html [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. TheFreeDictionary.com. (2016). common law. [online] Available at: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/common+law [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. Common.laws.com. (2016). Common Law V Statutory Law Common | Laws.com. [online] Available at: http://common.laws.com/common-law/common-law-v-statutory-law [Accessed 19 Nov. 2016]. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2016). e-lawresources.co.uk. [online] Available at: http://e-lawresources.co.uk/Home.php [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. Legislation.gov.uk. (2016). Human Rights Act 1998. [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/schedule/1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Jones, L. (2011). Introduction to business law. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.31-32. Michael-dawson.co.uk. (2016). Michael Dawson Accredited Mediator. [online] Available at: http://michael-dawson.co.uk/dunnett-v-railtrack.php [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016]. UK Parliament. (2016). Parliamentary sovereignty. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/sovereignty/ [Accessed 19 Nov. 2016]. Justice.gov.uk. (2016). PRACTICE DIRECTION 44 GENERAL RULES ABOUT COSTS. [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-44-general-rules-about-costs/part-44-general-rules-about-costs2#rule4.1 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Justice.gov.uk. (2016). Rules Practice Directions Civil Procedure Rules. [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Hg.org. (2016). Statutory Law. [online] Available at: https://www.hg.org/statutory-law.html [Accessed 18 Nov. 2016]. Chcs.org.uk. (2016). The Law Making Processes of the EU. [online] Available at: http://www.chcs.org.uk/eu-law-making-process.htm [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016]. Wild, C., Weinstein, S., Smith, K. and Keenan, D. (2013). Smith Keenans English law. 17th ed. Edinbrough.

Filipino Values Essay

The Filipino value system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this particular place and time. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense. First, although mankind shares universal human values, it is obvious that certain values take on for us a distinctively Filipino flavor. Secondly, when we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino values are absent in the value systems of other peoples and cultures. All people eat, talk and sing, but they eat different foods, speak various languages and sing different songs. Thus, we easily recognize Filipino, American, Chinese, Japanese or any other foreign food, language or music. The difference lies in the way these elements are ranked, combined or emphasized so that they take on a distinctively Filipino slant or cast. For instance, in China, honesty and hard work may rank highest; Chinese and Japanese cultures give great value to politeness and beauty; American culture to promptness and efficiency; and Filipino culture to trust in God and family centeredness. In this sense of value-ranking and priority of values, we can speak of dominant Filipino values. Thirdly, universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-economic, political, moral and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations. This is true not only of the aims and goals, beliefs, convictions, and social principles of the traditional value system of the lowland rural family but also of what Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S. J. alls the Filipino â€Å"nationalistic† tradition(pagsasarili,pagkakaisa,pakikisama, pakikipagkapwa-tao, and pagkabayani. ) A Filipino value or disvalue does not exist alone, in isolation or in a vacuum. Filipino values like bahala na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, pakiusap are clustered around core values like social acceptance, economic security, social mobility, and are always found in a definite context or set of circumstances. Fourthly, we can speak of Filipino values in the sense that the historical consciousness of values has evolved among our people. The Filipino concept of justice has evolved from inequality to equality, and to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family, and to the nation. Filipino consciousness of these different values varies at different periods of our history. It is only in the last two decades that the Filipino people have become more conscious of overpopulation and family planning, environmental pollution (Kawasaki sintering plant) and wildlife conservation (Calauit Island), and the violation of human rights (Martial Law), active non-violence and People Power (1986 non-violent Revolution).

Oedipus Story the Illiad

Jennifer Francois Dr. Beitchman The story Oedipus the king was written by Sophocles. This play was one of the greatest tragedies of all time. Oedipus Kinds of Thebes once was praised by priest and the people of the city. The plague was struck by the people of Thebes grew sick. When the people of the Thebes, (described as the chorus) went to the priest for help, they all turned to Oedipus for their salvation. Oedipus sought for answers by sending his best man Creon to Apollo the Oracle of Adelphi. Once questioned what he was going to do about this plague, Oedipus replied to the people of the city with answers.When Creon returns, he tells Oedipus that the plague is cause by the person who killed Liaus. Creon also stated that the killer lived within the city walls. Stunned of what he heard, Oedipus pursued to take revenge on the late king. Angry on such tragedy Oedipus questions Creon real story. Scared and unsure of what fate has cast upon the city, the people searched for answers. Oed ipus called for a blind prophet named Tiresias. Tiresias knew who the murder is, but wish that he didn’t tell. Oedipus then questions Tiresias intentions for being in his presence. Was it an act of treachery?Oedipus thought. After Oedipus questions Creon and the Tiresias’s motive, Tiresias then slowly tells Oedipus about a future of blindness and wandering. Jocasta, Oedipus wife tries to advise him to disregard the prophet and his fate, Oedipus stressed sought out to find such man. Oedipus called upon the people of the city to report such man who killed the late king Laius. Determine to find the truth his cursed himself blind. (Line 265). Oedipus finds out that he is the antagonist and Jocasta the queen is his mother. Realizing he has unlocked his twisted fate he runs back to his palace.Then to find his mother, his wife hanging on a noose for she has committed suicide was a tragedy indeed. Knowing that her prophecy was true Oedipus tries to rescue he lifeless body (Lin e 1340) and then poke his eyes making him blind. Begging Creon to kill him, Oedipus leaves exile from the city of Thebes. To conclude, the story of Oedipus the King described Oedipus fate which was to kill his father and marry and have children with his mother. However, it was his freewill that led him to this fate. His arrogant, aggressive, and stubborn personality pushed him right down a path that complied directly with his pre-intended fate.I admire for Oedipus for as a strong character to protect the city he once fought for he had cursed himself. Even though he was hinted by the prophecy, he wanted to avenge the late King Laius. Although unraveling his fate cost him his Wife/mother and his own blindness, he found his answer. I feel sorry when Oedipus discovers his mother hanging herself in the palace. It was almost in shock for as she did not want his fate to come out. The story of the Iliad has been astonishing. Filled with aggression, Love and Drama, the author creates excitem ent by starting in the middle of an epic story.Agamemnon takes the daughter of Chrysies and then releases her once the priest prays to Apollo to send plague against the Achaeans. Starting off in the middle of the Trojan War, Agamemnon and Achilleus battle Greek against Trojan. Agamemnon a strong powerful Greek takes Achilleus prize Briseis. Even though Achilleus gives her up, he becomes so enraged that he refuses to fight any more. That and he prays to his mother, Thetis, who happens to be a Sea Nymph, to pull some strings with the other gods so that the Achaeans will start getting defeated in battle and realize how much they depend on him.When Achilleus cries out to his mother Thetis, she gives him a choice. Achilleus could either to live a long life shameless or a short with glory. Thetis she felt her son sorrow. With Thetis requesting her son’s wishes to win honor for him, she waits to Zeus god of gods to come back to olympos. The next day in the morning, the author vividl y describes Thetis form as she emerges from the sea waves to find to find Kronos as speak to him. (Line 496-500) Thetis requested the Trojans to win to create honor for Achilleus as she did a favor for Zeus before.As read in the book Iliad, a lot of body language was used vividly to express Zeus and Thetis communication. For instance (line 528-530), Zeus nodding his head as a secret code to Thetis saying yes because he was going against his wife who favored the Greeks. Also in book 22, the death of Hektor was theatrical. Within a few lines as the reader I understood hector’s thoughts. Using internal monologue I had a better understanding of what hector was thinking. Athena tricks Hektor into believing that he will have help against Achilles.Trying to fight Achilles the leader of the Greeks army Hektor mom pleads for him not to battle Achilles. She expresses her love for him by telling him how she used to lay his head upon her breast to comfort him. (Line 80-85) Although Zeus is tempted to save him his daughter Athena doesn’t allow it. Athena disguised as his ally Deiphobus convinces Hektor that he could beat Achilles. Hektor tries to make Achilles promise to treat his body with respect if he dies. With Achilles furious he refuses. Only to betray him, Achilles hits him with a spear through his throat.Hektor slows dies and begs Achilles to return his body to his family for a proper burial but Achilles refused his request. Achilles only returned his body to the Trojans and let the dog’s scavenger his remains. To conclude, in the book Iliad which included tragedy between the falls of the Trojans, there was much room for empathy from Achilles mother was expressed her sorrow from her loved son. I also felt sorry after Hektor died he left his wife Andromache and the King Priam to witness the devastation.

How to Fight a Price War by Rao et al

How to Fight a Price War by Rao et al Summary The article â€Å"How to Fight a Price War† by Rao et al (2000), provides business leaders with well-thought out and explicitly discussed strategies on how to deal with the price war without necessarily reducing the prices of products and/or services.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on â€Å"How to Fight a Price War† by Rao et al specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors illuminate the fact that the price war is increasingly becoming widespread in organizational settings because leaders tend to view a price shift as an effortless, swift, and reversible endeavor. However, leaders need to know that they are endowed with an arsenal of options other than price cuts that they may want to consider so as to remain productive and relevant in today’s competitive business environment. The bulk of the article details these options and strategies. Main Points In their critical discussion, Rao et al (2000) outline the strategies that managers may want to use to fight the price war as follows: taking inventory by understanding the causes and characteristics of the price war through undertaking a critical diagnosis of the market scene, stopping the war before it starts by making sure that competitors not only understand the justification behind your pricing policies, but also the potential consequences of lowering prices, responding with non-price actions such as customer price sensitivities, quality interventions, highlighting of negative consequences related to price reductions, and help-seeking behaviors, using selective pricing actions such as multiple-part pricing, quantity discounts, loyalty programs, time-of-use pricing and bundling, fighting it out with competitors through direct, retaliatory price cuts, retreating by ceding some market share to competitors. Critique The article is a must read for price leaders and other organizational managers engaged in ensu ring that their respective organizations remain competitive in the face of extensive and sometimes back-biting price wars. The authors not only undertake a critical analysis of the various strategies that could be used to quell price disruptions from competitors, but they also provide industry specific, practical case examples of organizations that have used these interventions with a fair share of success. From the reading, however, it appears that some interventions are more successful in selected industry-specific organizations than in others. The strategy of retreating by ceding some market share, for instance, seems to work well with technology-oriented firms (e.g., computer manufacturing companies), but fails in service-oriented firms (e.g., fast food firms and hotels).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equally, organizations within the carrier indus try seem to benefit from some interventions, but certainly not from all the interventions highlighted (Rao et al, 2000). It would have been more plausible if the authors had explicitly stated which interventions are relevant to particular industries. There are two strategies that catch they eyes of the reader due to their intense practicability – responding with non-price actions and using selective price actions (Rao et al., 2000). In the former strategy, it can be argued that most global organizations doing business today are emphasizing quality aspects rather than price, with results demonstrated in positive image and reputation. However, the authors could have taken more time to explicate the dynamics of complex market scenarios, where neither non-price actions nor selective price actions seems to work. A case in point is the Chinese market, where players seem not to care much about quality issues and government mandarins heavily subsidize local industries to protect them from stiff competition. Conclusion The article introduces some fundamental concepts than could be used by organizations to fight the price war without necessarily triggering retaliatory price slashing, which could be costly to their competitive as well as operational efficiencies. Reference Rao, A.R., Bergen, M.E., Davis, S. (2000). How to fight a price war. Harvard Business Review, 107-116. Reprint R00208

5 Awkward Sentences

5 Awkward Sentences 5 Awkward Sentences 5 Awkward Sentences By Mark Nichol Innumerable missteps in constructing sentences are possible. Here are five random statements with assorted obstacles to comprehension, each accompanied by discussion and a revision. 1. The past month has seen two major developments. Avoid bestowing the gift of sight on inanimate objects or on concepts such as duration of time: â€Å"Two major developments have occurred during the past month.† 2. The question becomes why has everyone been unable to solve this puzzle. Treat the question in a sentence constructed this way as if it were spoken: â€Å"The question becomes, ‘Why has everyone been unable to solve this puzzle?’† Alternatively, reword the sentence so that a direct query is not stated: â€Å"The question then becomes one of why everyone has been unable to solve this puzzle.† 3. We would welcome your opinions and feedback on the results of this research. Inserting would in an entreaty that expresses what in marketing-speak is known as a call to action, an invitation to the reader to do something in response to a message, is an unnecessary and unproductive (and ingratiating) attempt to sound courteous. Instead of stating, literally, that welcoming opinions and feedback is potential but not actual, make the statement more emphatic by omitting the qualifying word: â€Å"We welcome your opinions and feedback on the results of this research.† 4. Additional processes for incident handing and breach reporting may be required to meet these requirements. Does this sentence mean that that the specified additional processes must conform to previously mentioned requirements, or that the processes may be mandated so that previously mentioned requirements are met? Normally, the phrase â€Å"in order to,† preceding a verb, can safely be omitted from a sentence. However, in this case, its inclusion will aid in comprehension: â€Å"Additional processes for incident handing and breach reporting may be required in order to meet these requirements.† 5. Those pressure tests and related assessments will clarify how prepared the organization is to make the actual transition. Because the reader cannot immediately tell which part of speech prepared is (it can be either a verb or an adjective, and is usually the former), inserting the adverb well before it will send a clear signal: â€Å"Those pressure tests and related assessments will clarify how well prepared the organization is to make the actual transition.† (Otherwise, a miscue might occur- the reader might assume that a noun has been omitted before the verb prepared: â€Å". . . how [the (blank)] prepared . . . .†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithUse a Dash for Number RangesWriting Styles (with Examples)

Cuba Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cuba Crisis - Essay Example John F. Kennedy constituted his high ranking team of advisers commonly known as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm). The committee met on several occasions and deliberated on certain measures that were to be taken to end the confrontatio0n over the Cuban missile. The ExComm came up with several options on how to deal with the crisis that was at hand. The first option that they deliberated on was invading Cuba. Secondly they considered ordering an air strike on Cuba which was aimed at destroying the missile sites that were staged in Cuba by the Soviet Union.   The third option they considered was imposing blockade around Cuba in order to counter the undelivered missiles. This was to tighten the blockade and or resulting to air strikes or invasion. The fourth option was to present a sort of ultimatum the president of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev. This was on condition that if the missiles were not removed a military action was to be taken. The fift h and the last option that the ExComm considered was to make a trade offer in that the US were to withdraw their missiles from the republic of Turkey and in exchange the Soviet Union were to withdraw and remove their missiles from Cuba.Option one and two which were on invasion and air strike attacks were aborted on the fear of the retaliation by the Soviet Union. Theodore Sorensen, a member of the ExComm and who was also the presidential speech writer thought that the Soviets would retaliate by knocking on their missiles in Turkey.  

Identify and Critically Evaluate Ecotourism Essay

Identify and Critically Evaluate Ecotourism - Essay Example Moreover, less developed countries want to join tourism fever and appeal for investors to get money to their countries. This is where the roots of ecotourism come from. Though ecotourism is rather new field of human activity and it has not still been discovered if it is an aspect of mass tourism or an independent phenomenon of human activity. The interest of the world’s community to indigenous cultures and remote lands predict a great success to ecotourism. Further research is focused on considering ecotourism as aspect of nature based tourism. People are anxious about overall industrialization and technocratic society. They want to overcome their alienation from nature. Ecotourism is a perfect alternative to mass tourism that â€Å"frequently led to resource depletion and negative impacts on the values of local people and their cultural heritage. Pollution and over use, which degraded the beauty of many of the sites, became common occurrences† (Parks and Allen, 2009). Moreover, an important role of ecotourism can be explained by its main advantage – to preserve indigenous nature and remote land. Therefore, a public attention to nature preservation is determined in the framework of recycling programs, emissions reduction laws and regulations and development of nature preservation programs on the global level. ... The root of the problem lies deep inside the appearance of ecotourism as a separate field (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). The term ecotourism appeared in the academic literature in the middle of 80s. Currently, it is a specific field of studies in tourism and a separate sphere of activity that is differentiated from tourism as such. Sometimes ecotourism is perceived in the framework of an alternative tourism (Blamey, 1997; 2001). Therefore, conventional mass tourism may be interpreted as an external environment for ecotourism development. The main part of ecotourism niche is set by different private sector businesses (ecotour operators) and corresponding alternative attractions (e.g. cableways and submarines that make an access to different inaccessible easier). Thus, there is a need for alternative operators and firms mediating ecotourism (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). A level of businesses involved in ecotourism ranges from private small businesses to large transnational corporations. Anoth er important and wide-spread model of ecotourism is community-based model of service provision in this sphere (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). A specific nature of ecotourism raises specific issues for ecotourism operators’ considerations. These are accessibility and low costs of natural resources. From different perspectives, scientists and researchers have found different peculiarities of ecotourism development. In accordance with Donohoe & Needham (2006), the example of South African ecotourism supports the fact that cooperation of ecotourism operators with small communities is a perfect way to reach an enormous success in this sphere of activity. Further on, it is underlined that the more competitive clusters within ecotourism exist, the more successful this sphere is (Blamey,